Chapter 13

Life at the End of an Empire with Saint Augustine

Chapter 14

The 1509 League of Cambrai as a Pivot of World History

Chapter 15

Paolo Sarpi’s Venetian Blinds by Cynthia Chung

Chapter 16

The 1688 Venetian Takeover of England

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An historical overview of the conflict between the "Two Americas" - a conflict between oligarchical forces, whose goal is to maintain power through war and manipulation, and humanist forces who strive to create a society based on cooperation, progress, and the pursuit of truth. The text focuses on the rise and fall of the Venetian oligarchy, particularly their involvement in the League of Cambrai, a coalition of European powers formed to destroy their control. It then discusses the influence of Venetian thinkers like Paolo Sarpi, who promoted Aristotelian philosophy over Platonic humanism, and their role in exacerbating religious divisions and fostering wars in Europe. The text concludes with an analysis of the "Glorious Revolution" in England and the subsequent struggle between republican forces, led by Robert Harley and Jonathan Swift, and the Venetian party, who ultimately consolidated their power and established a system of perpetual debt, war, and exploitation.

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