The fundamental right to movement under Article 19(1)(d) was carefully worded: (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India. But what about beyond the territory of India? For the first two decades of independent India, obtaining a passport meant being entirely at the mercy of the Ministry of External Affairs. But this changed in 1967. This episode of The Longest Constitution looks at the expansion of the freedom to movement, as well as the consequences of a majoritarian government driven by a socialist vision in the 1970s, under Indira Gandhi. And yes, we also begin our journey in tracing the history of sedition in India. Tune in!

Reading material:

On flying:

• Burman, Anirudh, 2016, ‘Movement and Residence’, in Choudhry, Sujit (et al), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, (New Delhi: OUP).
• https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1747577/
• https://caravanmagazine.in/history/lessons-from-indias-long-journey-to-gain-the-right-to-fly

On the privy purse and constitutional amendments:

• Austin, Granville, 2003, Working a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian Experience, (New Delhi: OUP).
• http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-more-pocket-money/493257/2

On sedition:

• Bhatia, Gautam, 2016, Offend, Shock, or Disturb: Free Speech under the Indian Constitution, (New Delhi: OUP).

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